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    MedChemExpress cgrp treatments
    BIBN alleviates <t>CGRP-induced</t> inhibition of macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, The scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor(n = 6/group)and length(n = 7/group). D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom = 1.5 μm; white arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 6/group. F, expression of <t>Rap1,</t> <t>PI3k,</t> p-PI3k, Akt, p-Akt was examined by Western blot. β-actin was used as a loading control. Quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of Rap1 to β-actin and p-AKTto AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD.
    Cgrp Treatments, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 41 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Average 95 stars, based on 41 article reviews
    cgrp treatments - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
    95/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits macrophage migration and differentiation via the GTPase Rap1"

    Article Title: Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits macrophage migration and differentiation via the GTPase Rap1

    Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

    doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110949

    BIBN alleviates CGRP-induced inhibition of macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, The scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor(n = 6/group)and length(n = 7/group). D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom = 1.5 μm; white arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 6/group. F, expression of Rap1, PI3k, p-PI3k, Akt, p-Akt was examined by Western blot. β-actin was used as a loading control. Quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of Rap1 to β-actin and p-AKTto AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD.
    Figure Legend Snippet: BIBN alleviates CGRP-induced inhibition of macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, The scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor(n = 6/group)and length(n = 7/group). D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom = 1.5 μm; white arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 6/group. F, expression of Rap1, PI3k, p-PI3k, Akt, p-Akt was examined by Western blot. β-actin was used as a loading control. Quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of Rap1 to β-actin and p-AKTto AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD.

    Techniques Used: Inhibition, Migration, Wound Healing Assay, Control, Transwell Migration Assay, Membrane, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing, Western Blot

    siRNA depletion of Rap1 reversed CGRP-induced phenotypes in macrophages. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the negative control (NC), negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the negative control, negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in media containing negative control, negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP for 24 h, this scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor and length. n = 7. D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs. This scale bar represent = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom =1.5 μm. White arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion sites. n = 7/group. F, expression of E-cadherin, Vimentin, N-cadherin, PI3K, p-PI3K, p-AKT, AKT was examined by Western blot, GAPDH was used as a loading control. G, quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin to GAPDH and p-PI3K to PI3K, p-AKT to AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance ( A , B , C , and E ) or two-way analysis of variance ( G ). All data are presented as mean ± SD. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.
    Figure Legend Snippet: siRNA depletion of Rap1 reversed CGRP-induced phenotypes in macrophages. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the negative control (NC), negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the negative control, negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in media containing negative control, negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP for 24 h, this scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor and length. n = 7. D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs. This scale bar represent = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom =1.5 μm. White arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion sites. n = 7/group. F, expression of E-cadherin, Vimentin, N-cadherin, PI3K, p-PI3K, p-AKT, AKT was examined by Western blot, GAPDH was used as a loading control. G, quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin to GAPDH and p-PI3K to PI3K, p-AKT to AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance ( A , B , C , and E ) or two-way analysis of variance ( G ). All data are presented as mean ± SD. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.

    Techniques Used: Wound Healing Assay, Migration, Negative Control, Transwell Migration Assay, Membrane, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing, Western Blot, Control

    The PI3K/AKT inhibitor further suppressed macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. The scale bar represnts = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . Scale bar = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays(n = 8/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represent= 20 μm; shape factor, and length (n = 8). D , representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom =1.5 μm. White arrow s indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). Quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 8. The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.
    Figure Legend Snippet: The PI3K/AKT inhibitor further suppressed macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. The scale bar represnts = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . Scale bar = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays(n = 8/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represent= 20 μm; shape factor, and length (n = 8). D , representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom =1.5 μm. White arrow s indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). Quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 8. The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.

    Techniques Used: Migration, Wound Healing Assay, Control, Transwell Migration Assay, Membrane, Staining, Cell Culture



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    BIBN alleviates <t>CGRP-induced</t> inhibition of macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, The scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor(n = 6/group)and length(n = 7/group). D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom = 1.5 μm; white arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 6/group. F, expression of <t>Rap1,</t> <t>PI3k,</t> p-PI3k, Akt, p-Akt was examined by Western blot. β-actin was used as a loading control. Quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of Rap1 to β-actin and p-AKTto AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD.
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    Image Search Results


    BIBN alleviates CGRP-induced inhibition of macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, The scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor(n = 6/group)and length(n = 7/group). D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom = 1.5 μm; white arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 6/group. F, expression of Rap1, PI3k, p-PI3k, Akt, p-Akt was examined by Western blot. β-actin was used as a loading control. Quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of Rap1 to β-actin and p-AKTto AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD.

    Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits macrophage migration and differentiation via the GTPase Rap1

    doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110949

    Figure Lengend Snippet: BIBN alleviates CGRP-induced inhibition of macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in the control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, The scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor(n = 6/group)and length(n = 7/group). D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, BIBN, and BIBN + CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom = 1.5 μm; white arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 6/group. F, expression of Rap1, PI3k, p-PI3k, Akt, p-Akt was examined by Western blot. β-actin was used as a loading control. Quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of Rap1 to β-actin and p-AKTto AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD.

    Article Snippet: To further investigate the effects of CGRP treatments on signaling pathways, 5 μm PI3K/AKT-IN-1 (Cat#HY-144806, MedChem-Express) was used to inhibit the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

    Techniques: Inhibition, Migration, Wound Healing Assay, Control, Transwell Migration Assay, Membrane, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing, Western Blot

    siRNA depletion of Rap1 reversed CGRP-induced phenotypes in macrophages. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the negative control (NC), negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the negative control, negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in media containing negative control, negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP for 24 h, this scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor and length. n = 7. D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs. This scale bar represent = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom =1.5 μm. White arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion sites. n = 7/group. F, expression of E-cadherin, Vimentin, N-cadherin, PI3K, p-PI3K, p-AKT, AKT was examined by Western blot, GAPDH was used as a loading control. G, quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin to GAPDH and p-PI3K to PI3K, p-AKT to AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance ( A , B , C , and E ) or two-way analysis of variance ( G ). All data are presented as mean ± SD. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.

    Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits macrophage migration and differentiation via the GTPase Rap1

    doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110949

    Figure Lengend Snippet: siRNA depletion of Rap1 reversed CGRP-induced phenotypes in macrophages. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the negative control (NC), negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. This scale bar represents = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the negative control, negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . This scale bar represents = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays (n = 7/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in media containing negative control, negative control + CGRP, sirap1and sirap1+CGRP for 24 h, this scale bar represents = 20 μm; shape factor and length. n = 7. D, representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs. This scale bar represent = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom =1.5 μm. White arrows indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). E, quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion sites. n = 7/group. F, expression of E-cadherin, Vimentin, N-cadherin, PI3K, p-PI3K, p-AKT, AKT was examined by Western blot, GAPDH was used as a loading control. G, quantitative analyses of the relative band intensities of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin to GAPDH and p-PI3K to PI3K, p-AKT to AKT (n = 3). The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance ( A , B , C , and E ) or two-way analysis of variance ( G ). All data are presented as mean ± SD. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.

    Article Snippet: To further investigate the effects of CGRP treatments on signaling pathways, 5 μm PI3K/AKT-IN-1 (Cat#HY-144806, MedChem-Express) was used to inhibit the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

    Techniques: Wound Healing Assay, Migration, Negative Control, Transwell Migration Assay, Membrane, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing, Western Blot, Control

    The PI3K/AKT inhibitor further suppressed macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. The scale bar represnts = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . Scale bar = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays(n = 8/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represent= 20 μm; shape factor, and length (n = 8). D , representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom =1.5 μm. White arrow s indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). Quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 8. The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.

    Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits macrophage migration and differentiation via the GTPase Rap1

    doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110949

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The PI3K/AKT inhibitor further suppressed macrophage migration. A, representative images of the scratch assay showing macrophage migration in the control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups at 0 h and 24 h. The red dashed lines indicate the wound edges. The scale bar represnts = 500 μm. Quantification of scratch (n = 3/group) on the right . B, representative images of the Transwell migration assay showing migrated macrophages in the control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups. Cells that migrated through the membrane were stained with crystal violet . Scale bar = 100 μm. Quantification of Transwell assays(n = 8/group) on the right . C, representative images of phalloidin staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represent= 20 μm; shape factor, and length (n = 8). D , representative images showing F-actin ( red ) and Vinculin ( green ) staining of BMMs cultured in control, CGRP, PI3K/AKT-IN-1, PI3K/AKT-IN-1+CGRP groups for 24 h, This scale bar represents = 10 μm. This scale bar represents in zoom =1.5 μm. White arrow s indicate filopodia (F-actin) and adhesion sites (Vinculin). Quantification of filopodia and cell adhesion site is shown on the right . n = 8. The p values were calculated by one-way analysis of variance. All data are presented as mean ± SD. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.

    Article Snippet: To further investigate the effects of CGRP treatments on signaling pathways, 5 μm PI3K/AKT-IN-1 (Cat#HY-144806, MedChem-Express) was used to inhibit the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

    Techniques: Migration, Wound Healing Assay, Control, Transwell Migration Assay, Membrane, Staining, Cell Culture